Essay --

La jurisprudence à ©tait dà ©finie diffà ©remment par les juristes romans qui ont vis pendant la pà ©riode de l’Antiquità © parce que l’à ©tymologie du mot dà ©signe la  « science du droit  » qui comprit le phà ©nomà ¨ne juridique. Ce fait est envisagà © par la dà ©finition que Justinien a inclut dans son Å“uvre là ©gislative :  « Juris prudentia est divanarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, iusti atque injusti scientia  » (La jurisprudence est la connaissance des faits divines et humaines, la science du ce qui est juste et injuste.) Au fil du temps, le droit s’est à ©cartà © de cette explication et a donnà © à   la jurisprudence une signification vraiment diffà ©rente comme l’ensemble des rà ¨gles de droit nà ©es de l’actività © judiciaire. Au mà ªme temps, la nouvelle dà ©finition de la jurisprudence a introduit l’une des principales diffà ©rences entre les grands systà ¨mes de droits. En consà ©quence, d’une parte la famille du droit romano-germanique considà ¨re que  « le juge est la bouche qui dit la loi  », c’est-à  -dire qu’il a seulement la compà ©tence d’interprà ©ter la loi, d’autre parte il y a la famille anglo-saxonne qui est gouvernà ©e par le principe  « judge made law  » (le juge a crà ©Ãƒ © la loi). La raison pour l’existence des limites du pouvoir du juge dans le systà ¨me là ©gislative franà §ais peuvent à ªtre trouves dans le courant illuministe qui a suscità © l’esprit de la Rà ©volution Franà §aise. Ce motif consiste en l’idà ©e que le juge est le reprà ©sentant du roi et de la catà ©gorie noblesse qui ne se prà ©occupe pas de l’internet gà ©nà ©ral, mais de maintenir les privilà ¨ges de l’aristocratie. Telle puissante à ©tait la rà ©volte contre les juges que Robespierre considà ©rait que  «le mot jurisprudence des tribunaux doit à ªtre effacà © de notre langue  ». La Rà ©volution Franà §aise a introduit le principe de su... ...’il devienne parti de l’ordre juridique communautaire. Par consà ©quent, les dà ©cisions rendues par les juridictions europà ©ennes contribuent à   l’à ©laboration de la jurisprudence de droit interne. Cependant, la jurisprudence de la CJCE est substantiellement diffà ©rente de celle qui provient des juridictions nationales parce qu’elles à ©mettent des dà ©cisions qui ont seulement une autorità © relative, c’est-à  -dire qui s’applique pour le cas à   solutionner et entre les parties du procà ¨s en cours. Au contraire, les dà ©cisions de la CJCE s’imposent dans le droit interne ayant une force juridique de loi et donc la jurisprudence de la CJCE devient une source de droit. Par suite de ce fait, il y a le caractà ¨re paradoxal de la jurisprudence : elle est source du droit quand il est le rà ©sultat de l’actività © judiciaire rendue par CJCE, mais non quand il s’agit une juridiction nationale. Essay -- La jurisprudence à ©tait dà ©finie diffà ©remment par les juristes romans qui ont vis pendant la pà ©riode de l’Antiquità © parce que l’à ©tymologie du mot dà ©signe la  « science du droit  » qui comprit le phà ©nomà ¨ne juridique. Ce fait est envisagà © par la dà ©finition que Justinien a inclut dans son Å“uvre là ©gislative :  « Juris prudentia est divanarum atque humanarum rerum notitia, iusti atque injusti scientia  » (La jurisprudence est la connaissance des faits divines et humaines, la science du ce qui est juste et injuste.) Au fil du temps, le droit s’est à ©cartà © de cette explication et a donnà © à   la jurisprudence une signification vraiment diffà ©rente comme l’ensemble des rà ¨gles de droit nà ©es de l’actività © judiciaire. Au mà ªme temps, la nouvelle dà ©finition de la jurisprudence a introduit l’une des principales diffà ©rences entre les grands systà ¨mes de droits. En consà ©quence, d’une parte la famille du droit romano-germanique considà ¨re que  « le juge est la bouche qui dit la loi  », c’est-à  -dire qu’il a seulement la compà ©tence d’interprà ©ter la loi, d’autre parte il y a la famille anglo-saxonne qui est gouvernà ©e par le principe  « judge made law  » (le juge a crà ©Ãƒ © la loi). La raison pour l’existence des limites du pouvoir du juge dans le systà ¨me là ©gislative franà §ais peuvent à ªtre trouves dans le courant illuministe qui a suscità © l’esprit de la Rà ©volution Franà §aise. Ce motif consiste en l’idà ©e que le juge est le reprà ©sentant du roi et de la catà ©gorie noblesse qui ne se prà ©occupe pas de l’internet gà ©nà ©ral, mais de maintenir les privilà ¨ges de l’aristocratie. Telle puissante à ©tait la rà ©volte contre les juges que Robespierre considà ©rait que  «le mot jurisprudence des tribunaux doit à ªtre effacà © de notre langue  ». La Rà ©volution Franà §aise a introduit le principe de su... ...’il devienne parti de l’ordre juridique communautaire. Par consà ©quent, les dà ©cisions rendues par les juridictions europà ©ennes contribuent à   l’à ©laboration de la jurisprudence de droit interne. Cependant, la jurisprudence de la CJCE est substantiellement diffà ©rente de celle qui provient des juridictions nationales parce qu’elles à ©mettent des dà ©cisions qui ont seulement une autorità © relative, c’est-à  -dire qui s’applique pour le cas à   solutionner et entre les parties du procà ¨s en cours. Au contraire, les dà ©cisions de la CJCE s’imposent dans le droit interne ayant une force juridique de loi et donc la jurisprudence de la CJCE devient une source de droit. Par suite de ce fait, il y a le caractà ¨re paradoxal de la jurisprudence : elle est source du droit quand il est le rà ©sultat de l’actività © judiciaire rendue par CJCE, mais non quand il s’agit une juridiction nationale.

Healthy and unhealthy habits Essay

Have you ever wondered, why people do and enjoy bad habits and they know its bad for them? there are danger, damages and effects that people don’t know about bad habits. according to www. wikihow. com, some habits can have serious consequences for our health, such as dangerous deadly heart attacks. and I think that people who have bad habits should realize that they are making fun of death itself. Can you imagine your self lonely, anti-social and unlovable? well, for your info’s, bad habits can cause all of these issues,because a lot of bad habits make you anti-social, also some of them lead to early death, yes early death. beside, do you think that bad habits can make you happy more than sad? i bet you don’t, and i know that changing bad habits is really really hard, and i know how much it take to change them, but being surrounded with friends and family is much better than bad health and loneliness! i know a story about a kid who lost everything, Kareem was a conceited kid, his parents gave him a lot of money and love thinking that he is a good kid, he met bad friends who have bad habits, they taught him how to drink and get drugs, by the days, his parents noticed that he come late to home, and the school too, and he started to say bad words, then, they found out that he was taking drugs, they took him to the hospital, and they healed him, but when he got out, he was trying to find a source of money, because his parents no longer giving him money like before, so he went to his loving grandmother, and he killed her for money, what a poor grandmother, after days, the police found him, and took him to the jail, and this kid learned his lesson, that bad friends wont help him if he got in troubles, and bad habits cant make him happy. Being healthy, happy and having a perfect life is so easy, and i will tell you how. healthy habits can change your life, in addition to that, healthy habits can make you have a fit perfect body, and it can improve your IQ level, improve your skin health, improve your mood and protect you from diseases like heart diseases. First step is learning, learn what are the healthy habits we need everyday, like drinking 8 cups of water everyday, because we lose 4 liters of water by sweating etc. the second step, stick them into your daily routine, if you did, it will no longer be hard for you, final step, see the result, and live a healthy better life. well, i realize that these steps may seem easy, but they are not like what you think they are, some people said that having healthy habits is hard, its hard for us people to change our routine. some people couldn’t do that because they love their bad habits, they love their daily chips, they love their laziness in front of the T. V, but let me tell you something, they think with the short period thinking brain,their brain say to them ( its okay, its just a little piece of pizza, its just a coke, its just a blah blah blah) but, its not just like that, no, they become fatter and fatter and fatter and they don’t realize it until their health become bad, and thats why we should try to have healthy habits. UAE these days is trying to be the best country compared with other countries. don’t we want to see our country name in every wear? don’t we? so lets start with our self. i get really mad and angry for seeing my brothers and sisters in UAE have bad health, and deeply in my heart, i pray for them, as me, i want everyone in UAE to have healthy habits, because i understand that happiness come from healthy lifestyle, and with healthy lifestyle, we become stronger, and we have a clear mind, and that all lead to much more productive society, and the results will show up in our country, and it’ll raise more and more, and our country UAE will be the best of all. Bad habits are bad friends, we have fun with them, then when we get in troubles, they walk away. people should know that their happiness is the payment for their wasted health, and there is nothing more that worth than health. lets all work together, and start from today, lets change our bad habits to healthy, and lets protect our families and loved once from these serious consequences!

Miracle Child Brings Hope to Family Essay

Christina Vara had not imagined of ever being a mother, but the time she realized she was carrying one in her womb, she vowed to take good of the new born. All necessary preparations were prioritized and together with her husband, Rafael Ruiz, were eager to be parents. Unfortunately after the ultra sound, they could read the nurse’s face which showed that something awful could happen to either Christina or the baby. Sure enough, the baby’s intestines, liver and other organs were outside her stomach; a birth defect referred to as giant Omphalocele, which the parents were not aware of. There was no other alternative other than for the two parents-to-be to travel to a children’s hospital in Texas for the child’s treatment. Approximately a year and half later, Rafael and Christina purposed to create awareness of this child birth defect to the community, although theirs was not yet born, since everyone was susceptible to the same. Despite the fact that the probability of the child living was almost not there and many had suggested to her to get rid of the pregnancy, Christina purposed to provide the excellent treatment she could to the child. To her, Beatrice Hope Ruiz, was a miracle child (Brown, 2010). In Texas Children’s hospital, Christina underwent a C-section surgery which turned out to be successful and the child fortunately survived though the intestines still hung outside. Their doctor was humane and accommodative. Besides, he taught them how they were to wrap the delicate protruding organs carefully on the child’s stomach. Once discharged out of the hospitals, things were tough for them; ranging from frequently changing the organ wrappers to understanding the various ways of holding her without necessarily causing the slightest harm to the delicate organs (Brown, 2010). Not before long, another major challenge of a new surgery to the child so as to contain these organs in her body faced them. This fostered a great confront to the doctors because Beatrice’s liver was very large. Though worried of the surgery outcomes, the child’s once more survived. Christina testifies that Beatrice was a miracle up to date and though not planning to bear another child; she will continue bringing up Beatrice. Rafael was determined not to be a contributor of the increasing numbers of fatherless children in America. Moreover, he was purposed to provide for his family and pin down the culture that had nurtured the concept of fathers being understood as unessential in the family. In his humane actions to aid Christina through out the child nursing period, he proves wrong the fact that the state is bestowed with the principal role to adequately provide for the children’s upkeep through child-care facilities and welfare checks. Though both parents were not financially stable, they opted to raise their child caringly. Rafael and Christina took the initiative to educate the community about giant Omphalocele thus civilizing them. Their aim was to make the community rightly understand and value the role of parents in not only species propagation but also in help nurture socialization (Horn, 1997). Rafael becomes a virtuous national through his voluntary decision to give a hand in bringing up their child. Although Beatrice is hardly two years of age now, she will grow up as a social and responsible child since their parents have devoted themselves to stand with her in everything and provide for her needs. References Brown, R. (2010). Miracle child brings â€Å"Hope† to family. Retrieved on 29 July 2010 from Horn, W. F. (1997). Why there is no substitute for parents.

Industrial Conflicts: a Comparison Between Britain and France

Industrial Conflicts: A Comparison between Britain and France Outline of proposed paper I would like to conduct a comparison in the Industrial Conflicts between Britain and France. In this period of financial crisis where companies are taking action on both sides of the English Channel to stay competitive, it would be interesting to analyze the industrial conflicts of these countries as trade unions and workers are sometimes protesting to save their jobs occasionally with extreme violence.I would also like to know more about the Industrial Conflicts in Britain as this is something unfamiliar for me compared to the situation in France where trade unionism and militancy is present early in our lives with students commonly on strike and usually commences from High School. Identification and justification of relevant theoryBefore focusing on industrial conflicts, I thought that it would be interesting to first understand the industrial relations with the theory of Richard Whitley (1992) and the concept of Business Systems to highlight that there are major differences between these two countries in the way of organizing and managing economic activities and structuring their industrial relations.Concerning the Industrial Conflicts, Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003)who analyses the French and British employment relations using legal, sociological and historical approaches and also the neo-liberal, regulation, social movement and the societal effect theories to understand the employment relations and their industrials conflict will be my main focus. My additional focus will be on Michael Jackson and his analysis on strike trends, specifically in Anglo-Saxon countries. He thoroughly examines explanations for strikes drawing on research findings and comments from a broad range of disciplines from various authors and theories.Identification of empirical evidence The TUC (Trades Union Congress) library will be extremely helpful in finding out information about British trade unio n in general and industrial conflicts and militancy more particularly. Richard Clutterbuck (1984) gives us data about strike details in Britain between 1971 and 1980. Micael P. Jackson (1987) also provides data about duration and the average number of workers involved in strikes in the U. K. between 1915 and 1985. Jeff Bridgford developed data about French trade union membership and their belonging to the â€Å"Parti Socialiste† between 1970 and 1979.Preliminary evaluation of alternative arguments and evidence Concerning the industrial relations, Richard Whitley (1992, 2000) seems to belong to the divergent school which means that business systems of countries and their industrial relations are influenced by institutions, history, values or beliefs. However, other authors such as Ohmae (1996) argues the end of the nation-state and the rise of regional economies where economic decisions are now taken at the level of economic region which are often cross national boundaries and economically independent of the nation-states where they reside.Critical self-assessment of progress to date From week three to Five, I looked at literature about Militancy but nothing came out. After a refocus on the topic on industrial conflict, my task until week seven was to read about industrial relations thinking that I will identify the reason of the industrial conflicts but I did not find a clear answer. My regret is to have not read earlier about Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) who gives much more insight into industrial conflicts. Plan for completion based on progress self-evaluationThe schedule concerning my research would be to finish investigating the studies of Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) and read more about Poole (1986) before the end of December to clearly identify the issues of industrial conflicts. From the 8th December, I also would like to visit the TUC Library to find more data and literature about industrial conflicts. By the end of the First week of January, I hope to have completed the report in order to come back to it with a fresh mind and arrange it without the pressure of deadline.References List Bridgford, J. , (1991), The Politics of French Trade Union. Leicester: Leicester University Press Clutterbuck, R. (1984), Industrial Conflict and Democracy: The Last Chance. London: The MacMillian Press LTD Jackson, M. (1987), Strikes: Industrial Conflict in Britain, U. S. A. and Australia. Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books LTD Jefferys, S. , & al, (2001), European Working lives: Continuities and Change in Management and Industrial Relations in France, Scandinavia and the U. K. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Jefferys, S. (2003), Liberte, Egalite and Fraternite at Work: Changing French Employment Relations and Management. London: Palgrave Ohmae, K. (1996), The End of Nation State. London: Harper Collins Whitley R. , (1992), European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts. London: Manse l Whitley, R. , (2000), Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press Bibliography Hall, P. & Soskice, D. (2001), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations Comparative Advantage.Oxford: Oxford University Press Kornhauser, A. , (1954), Industrial Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Perkins, S. & Shortland, S. , (2006), Stategic International Human Resource Management: Choices and Consequences in Multinational People Management. London: Kogan Page Poole, M. (1986), Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London: Routledge and Kegan-Paul Rubery, J. & Grimshaw, D. , (2003), The Organization of Employment: An International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillian http://www. unionhistory. info

Smallpox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smallpox - Essay Example Even when not fatal, the disease can cause significant disfigurement and scarring. It was once the scourge of mankind, wreaking havoc across the European continent for centuries. Fortunately, modern medicine has determined the variola virus to be the only known cause of smallpox, making it possible to contain the illness by eliminating the variola virus. Uncontrolled, a smallpox outbreak can be expected to infect approximately 30 percent of those individuals exposed to it. Approximately 30 percent of these can be expected to die from the infection. The potential of the illness for use as a biological weapon has been proven in the past with its introduction to the ‘new continent’ and its use in decimating the American Indian tribes while more recent research suggests it retains a highly dangerous potential in the modern world setting. According to Henderson (et al, 1999), â€Å"researchers estimate that only 10-100 virus particles are necessary to infect someone† w hile inoculation supplies and efforts are insufficient to meet the challenge. An understanding of the history of the illness illustrates the importance for the nation’s healthcare workers to be familiar with the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, prevention efforts and gaps in information regarding this illness. For centuries, the smallpox virus plagued mankind, regularly decimating populations in Europe and Asia as the virus was passed from person to person throughout the world on a continuous basis. Smallpox does not survive in animals nor is it known to be a carrier disease, in the sense that individuals might carry the illness without suffering its ill effects, so it can only survive as long as there are humans to suffer from it and more humans for these to pass it along to. With all the devastation that the illness caused, it wasn’t until 1796 before the first experimental vaccine against the illness was

GAAP versus IFRS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GAAP versus IFRS - Research Paper Example IFRS stands for International Financial Reporting Standards. It includes the accounting standards proposed by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and International Accounting Standards (IAS). IFRS is becoming the international standard for the preparation of financial statements especially of public corporations (Haris, 2013). Now the question is why corporations are conversion new standards of IFRS from GAAP? There are some benefits which IFRS is offering to corporations. Some of the benefits are as follow: According to Julie (2013), IFRS enable corporations to present its financial statements on the same basis as its international competitors are adopting, it makes the comparison easier. To facilitate more accurate comparisons to foreign competitors, some U.S. companies may view IFRS as an opportunity to supplement their current reporting with reporting or commentary based on IFRS. Most of the U.S. Corporation’s glance at new markets therefore they have to take on with IFRS in order to secure licenses, raise capital, or comply with requirements of local regulators. Overseas clients, merchants, or lessors might too involve IFRS financial statements. IFRS is beneficial for the firm who want to raise the capital abroad or it is most beneficial for the corporations who have international investors. Corporations having subsidiaries in countries require having IFRS in order to use one accounting language company-wide. Haris (2013) stated that the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is using in more than 110 countries. Majority of the countries among these 110 countries are developed. So IFRs must have some key distinction from the U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) which are as follow: IFRS is more of a principle based accounting standards where as GAAP has more rule based accounting standards. Principle based accounting standard has the capability to effectively corresponds and detain the economic

Aids in New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aids in New York City - Essay Example According to the paper, New York City make is among the largest cities in the United States with representation of different kinds of people. The population of New York City is made up of people who differ in different ways in terms of their race, sexual orientation, level of education and age. According to Reilly et al., people in their diversity are affected differently with this epidemic in New York City. The different effect the diseases have on different races is attributed to the different behavioral practices of these people. Since the disease was diagnosed, in New York City alone, over one hundred thousand people have died from the disease since the year 1981. As of February 2014, there were 110,736 new Yorkers who had been diagnosed with aids and presumed to be living with this infection. In the year 2013 3481, new diagnoses of these diseases were made of these: 76.6 percent of the people were men with 23.4 percent being women. 48.3 percent is made up of men who have sex w ith men, while the heterosexuals were made up of 21.4 percent. Hispanic and blacks made the larger population of people affected with aids with a percentage of 78.6 percent. Lastly, 35.1 percent of the new infections were comprised of people who are under the age of 29. 1.4 percent of new Yorkers live with aids, with the Spanish and black Americans being the most affect since they represent about 78 percent of this population. Young people rate of infection follows closely at 35.1 percent. This percentage is quite high now that these young people are more active and likely to spread the disease more than when it affected older people. Aids is a thorn that has to be dealt with accordingly in order to mitigate its effects on the disease burden and various sectors of the New York City. Its effects are far felt in all areas that work towards maintaining the great economy of the city.