Friday, December 27, 2019

Deborah Tannen s But What Do You Mean - 864 Words

In her essay, But What Do You Mean? Deborah Tannen discusses how men and women s conversation styles differ in how they communicate with one another. The problem is that men and women have different perspectives. Tannen explains that the conversation rituals among women are designed to be polite and sensitive to others, while the conversation rituals among men are designed to maintain superiority (328). Tannen explores seven ways in which men and women miscommunicate : apologies, criticism, thank-yous, fighting, praise, complaints, and jokes. Being no fault of either party, conversation strategies between men and women are just naturally different, these miscommunications can make conversation awkward and sometimes can be misunderstood. Tannen explains when talking about apologies, when women apologize to much they make it look like they are at fault even though they may not be (328). This reminds me of my mother. Last week we went out to eat and she ordered some soup. When s he took her first bite she noticed it wasn t even hot. She called the waiter back to the table, apologized for bothering her, then politely ask her if she could bring her another bowl of soup because hers was cold. The waiter said she was sorry and that she would bring another bowl out right away. When the waiter returned with another bowl, my mom apologizes once again for any inconvenience she may have caused. I think my mom was just trying to be polite. Her apology as TannenShow MoreRelatedDeborah Tannen s Article, But What Do You Mean?955 Words   |  4 PagesWhat I Meant was†¦ In Deborah Tannen’s article, â€Å"But What Do You Mean?† she enumerates seven different ways that women and men tend to have a kind of struggle. Tannen discusses how the men and women have different ways of speaking. The seven main differences are classified and divided into: apologies, criticism, thank-yous, fighting, praise, complaints, and jokes. First, men don’t correctly interpret apologies; they often implicate blame with apology, synonymous with putting oneself down. On theRead MoreCommunication Gap Between Men And Women1386 Words   |  6 Pagesin the way that we communicate. What we say, how we say it, and how the opposite sex interprets what we are saying are all affected by gender. With so much focus on building a more compassionate and understanding world, how do we make that step that will bring us closer to closing the communication gap? We learn at a young age starting out that communication between girls and boys is completely different. Girls say boys are mean, and boys don’t know what girls mean, these different attitudes comeRead MoreGender Inequality1640 Words   |  7 Pages Misogyny and gender constructs, such as the ideal of beauty, hold women back in various aspects of their lives as discussed in the articles â€Å"Marked Women† by Deborah Tannen and â€Å"A Woman’s Beauty: Put Down or Power Source† by Susan Sontag. Men are viewed as the dominant sex and in our patriarchal society, they have all the rights women do not get to enjoy. This gender gap leads to less discussion and knowledge about the grievances that men face. The issues of misandry are discussed in â€Å"Man Bashing:Read MoreYou Just DonY Understand1838 Words   |  8 PagesYou Just Don t Understand by Deborah Tannen, Ph.D. William Morrow and Company, 1990 Reviewed by Laura Morrison That men and women are on different wavelengths when it comes to communicating is probably not news to you. However, Can We Talk? the cover story of the December issue of New Age Journal, provides some excellent new perspectives on this age-old problem. The author, Peggy Taylor, interviewed sociolinguist Deborah Tannen, who has written a book called You Just Don t Understand: WomenRead MoreThe Inequality Of People Based Off Of Race1369 Words   |  6 PagesIn the world we live in today, when you look around there are so many different types of people. Differences such as races, backgrounds, and also different people with different stories to tell. We live in a world of a diverse group of people, so different that we found it hard to make everyone equal. Some would think living in such a diverse world we would form a common ground and maybe unite together to be equal but that is far from true. No I m not talking about the inequality of people basedRead MoreSex, Lies, And Conversation Deborah Tannen848 Words   |  4 Pages In the essay Sex, Lies, and Conversation Deborah Tannen focuses on the differences and lack of communication between men and women though observations. She came to the conclusion that men were not lacking in their listening, but they were however listening in a different way than the women did. On the other hand, men aren’t the only people that have terrible communication skills. In many ways, these differences between the two genders can cause major conflict when not understood by the oppositeRead MoreWhy Are All The Black Kids Sitting Together?962 Words   |  4 PagesHave you ever walked into a school that was rich and had students that were low income there or vice versa? You just have to stop and think about education and how your status of income, your race/ethnicity, and the gender you are will have an impact in how you learn and move on into understanding the ways of other ideas not just education. Now that s what professional authors state as a fact. For example, yo u have Jonathan Kozol in â€Å"Still Separate, Still Unequal† state the differences between theRead MoreNeil Postman And You Just DonT Understand1868 Words   |  8 PagesBetween the books, You Just Don t Understand by Deborah Tannen, and the book Amusing Ourselves to Death, by Neil Postman I prefer the book You Just Don t Understand. I prefer Deborah Tannen s book because her claims about the hierarchy in men’s conversation versus the need for inclusivity in women’s conversation are interesting, as I had not acknowledged this significance in communication between the two genders before. Overall, I like Tannen’s book because it highlights stark contrast in communicationRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women1746 Words   |  7 Pages Gender Differences in Communication Have you ever thought someone wasn’t listening to you? Or that your request is being ignored because the response wasn’t framed in a way it should have been? Maybe it’s because you were speaking to a person who was of a different gender. Men use short direct speech, while women use indirect dialogue. Therefore, when genders meet up there’s a gap in communication. Men and women unconsciously communicate differently in numerous ways, so by understanding each other’sRead MoreHow Do Men And Women s Need For Intimacy?967 Words   |  4 Pages How do men s and women s different conversational styles reflect men s need for independence and women s need for intimacy? There are two articles that explains the different between men and women. According to author Deborah Tannen, article, Sex, Lies, and Conversation: Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other? He explains, how do they use the body language of communication. They have different socialization; for instance, girls use talk for intimacy, but boys use talk to

Thursday, December 19, 2019

The Mexican American Hispanic Patient - 1575 Words

Introduction It is essential when entering health care as a professional nurse to realize that health care workers, doctors, nurses, and other health care providers, form their own culture with their own beliefs and attitudes about the care that’s delivered and the patients whom they serve. Because there are significant barriers to health care for Hispanics, particularly those that are Mexican-American, in order to provide culturally competent care, the professional nurse must implement effective communication, convey respect to the patient, and take a thorough health history from each patient. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the background of the Mexican-American Hispanic patient, compare and contrast their culture to the culture of those that work in health care in the United States, and recommendations for the professional nurse using Purnell’s Cultural Theory for support and a reflection on Wellness Day for Health Promotion focusing on Hispanic heritage including Curande rismo. Hispanic Heritage According to the CDC Minority Health Report, people of Mexican heritage are the largest minority group in the U.S. and almost 30% of Hispanics in the United States lacked health insurance as of 2012 (â€Å"Minority Health,† 2014). The traditional form of health care practiced by those of Mexican-American heritage is Curanderismo, coming from the Spanish verb â€Å"curar,† which means â€Å"to heal.† This system regards the individual’s mind, body, and soul as inseparable and thereforeShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Hispanic Americans Essay1123 Words   |  5 Pagescloser look at the culture of Hispanic Americans. The Hispanic population has grown to over 55 million residents with in the United States in 2015, with an estimated growth rate of 2.1% per year (Krogstad Lopez, 2015). Making this minority group on of the fastest growing populations within the United States (DeNisco Barker, 2016). Impact on Rural Iowa In rural Iowa, there are few individuals who are knowledgeable of the Hispanic culture due to the small number of Hispanic individuals that have soughtRead MoreThe Prevelance of Diabetes in the Hispanic Culture1465 Words   |  6 Pagesunder colonial rule. In the Spring of 1846 American forces quickly occupied New Mexico and California, then invaded parts of Northeastern Mexico, Northwest Mexico and captured Mexico City. In the fall of 1847 the war ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This event was the greatest territorial expansion of the United States and was responsible for the annexation of approximately 80,000 Mexican citizens. In 1910 the Mexican Revolution forced Mexicans to cross the border into the United StatesRead MoreHealth Promotion998 Words   |  4 Pagescultures, in healthcare our understanding of each patient’s cultural values will help guide us in providing care that is individualized and respectful while at the same time providing evidence based care that is safe for our patients. To provide culturally competent care to patients nurses must be aware of their own culture before they can be aware of others cultures, each culture views health, wellness, illness and healthcare workers in a different light (Edelman, Kudzma, amp; Mandle, 2014, ChapterRead MoreMexican American And Mexican Americans Essay1126 Words   |  5 Pageslargest Hispanic-origin population in the United states are Mexicans (Gonzales-Barrera Lopez, 2013). Mexican American’s are considered minorities in the United States. There are many reason why I am choosing to explore Mexican Americans for this paper. As a m inority myself, I can relate to some of the struggles that Mexican American’s may face. However, there are some things that I will never relate to or know the personal aspect of the Mexican culture. Just like any other population, Mexican AmericansRead MoreCultural Diversity : A Health Care Professional1396 Words   |  6 PagesStates is the Mexican culture. Mexicans come from Central American Indians, Native Americans, Spanish, and Africans. The majority of Mexican immigrants live in Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Florida, New Mexico, and Texas. However, Los Angeles has the highest Mexican population. People who come from Mexico speak many languages, such as Spanish, English, and indigenous Indian languages. While you work in a hospital you should always be aware of how to respectfully treat your patient. When treatingRead MoreHispanic Culture Appropriation1014 Words   |  5 PagesThe Hispanic Culture is beautiful because it varies from clothes, food, and music in the different types of Hispanics from North America, Central America, and South America. The Hispanic culture is being appropriated by people who dont care for it, they are being appropriated from people who want to make money off it. From Puerto-Ricans to Mexicans, Latinos are tired of their culture, who they are proud of and embrace without shame to be taken by companies, designers, and musicians. As a HispanicRead MoreUnderstanding The Mexican American Viewpoint On End Of Life Care1455 Words   |  6 Pagesof Mexican origin. According to Spector (2013), of the over 50.5 million Hispanic individuals living in the U.S, Mexicans make up the overwhelming majority of the Hispanic community. Understanding how Mexican-Americans traditionally view end-of-life care allows a health care worker to better serve the patient as the patient transitions from acute care to palliative care or hospice care. Cultural attitudes influence the process of decision making at the end-of-life. Understanding the Mexican-AmericanRead MoreMexican Americans: Perspectives on Death and Dying Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesMexican Americans: Death and Dying Hispanics are the fastest growing minority in the United States, and the majority of them are Mexican in origin (Kemp, 2001). The Roman Catholic Church plays a vital role in the culture and daily life of many Mexican Americans. Consequently, healthcare personnel must become culturally competent in dealing with the different beliefs possessed by these individuals. Nurses must have the knowledge and skills necessary to deliver care that is congruent with the patient’sRead MoreHerritage Assesment1019 Words   |  5 PagesRN, MS August 26, 2012 Heritage Assessment The United States has become a multicultural country. Everywhere you look, you see a plethora of cultures that range from Hispanic and African to Asian and American Indian. The varied traditions and beliefs of a multicultural country impact how nurses implement patient-centered care. The best way to provide optimal care in nursing is to become better informed in how different cultures view health maintenance, protection, and restoration. TheRead MoreMental Health Among Latino Communities Essay1172 Words   |  5 PagesCommunities In the United States, the Latino American population has risen by over 40% within the past decade and accounts for over 17.1% of the Nations society. In 2050, the Latino Community is expected to make up nearly one-fourth of the population and 2/3 of the U.S. Hispanics are from the Mexican-American Subgroup. In the United States, there has been extensive research examining the prevalence of varying psychiatric disorders among the Latino Hispanic Communities. There are many deeply rooted and

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Green Program for Pre School

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Green Program for Pre School. Answer: Part A (a) Our environment today faces enormous threat from rapid urbanization, pollution, non-biodegradable materials and depletion of essential resources. Reduction of human carbon footprint is now extremely important to protect and sustain our environment (Houghton, 2009). Awareness and understanding of a healthier environment and resolution of potential conflicts must start at an early stage as children shall be responsible for reshaping the future of modern earth. Children of ages 3-7 are like porous sponges and they can observe and grasp information faster if learning starts during early childhood education(Wilson, 1996). An environmental Go Green program is proposed to implement recycling, reuse and waste prevention at the Tender Feet Nursery School by educating and engaging children. (b) The main goal of this program is to create awareness about the importance of recycling among the preschool staff and children and implement recycling schemes within the premises through a collaboration of administrators, teachers, custodians and children. The program will incorporate recycling knowledge into the preschool curriculum and daily activities creating a fun and easy atmosphere ((Lansburgh, 1976) (Pancheri-Ambrose Tritschler-Scali, 2013). It shall encourage children of preschool age to recognize and understand the importance of recycling, reuse and waste management hereby making them more conducive towards protecting their environment(Gibbons, 1996). Considering the number and population of students in preschools; they accumulate huge waste which includes paper, books, electronic equipments like computers and printers and food/composite material. An interim goal of the Go Green program (also referred to as green program) shall be to make the preschool more equipped in handling and recycling these wastes (Lund, 1992), thus creating an opportunity to save on costs. These costs shall be monitored by evaluating the purchase bills once the program has been implemented, thus reflecting upon a comparable reduction of costs in the preschool office, classroom and cafeteria materials usage. In the long-term, the Go Green program when successfully implemented at Tender Feet Nursery School shall set an excellent example and expectantly initiate duplication across other preschools, eventually stressing upon importance of recycling in society. Constant evaluation and monitoring through surveys and feedback will help to decipher progress of the preschool towards becoming more environments friendly and energy efficient hoping to decrease its carbon footprint. (c) The Go Green program shall follow guidelines of National Waste Policy of the Department of Environment, Government of Australia ( Department of Environment, 2009) which provides environment friendly approaches for waste management within the country. The recycling and reuse strategies implemented through this program will be useful to address administrative costs and put fewer burdens on environment. (d) Various resources are available on the World Wide Web to get information for designing and implementing the Go Green program. These are: (i) The Environmental Protection Authority website (EPA, 2016) containing sufficient knowledge and guidelines for environment protection and waste reduction. (ii) The ResourceSmartSchools website(Resource Smart Schools , 2013) containing information to assist schools in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating green programs. (iii) Open-resource websites like Schools Recycle Right (SRS, 2011) and Virginia Recycling Association (VRA, 2016) in understanding the implementation of green programs within a school. (e) The Go Green program shall address waste management including reduce, reuse and recycle through active collaboration of administrators, office staff, custodians, teachers and young preschoolers. The recyclables from the preschool including paper, metal, glass, wood and electronics shall be moved into the recycling stream helping to keep many precious resources from ending up in a landfill. The preschool shall be able to reduce the quantity of waste generated in the premises and also lower the frequency for need of garbage collection. The Go Green program shall achieve the dual purpose of saving costs for the preschool and also educating and creating awareness in young children to care for and nurture the environment. The key steps towards implementation are: Formation of a green committee: Assignment of roles and responsibilities, spread of information and training of teachers and custodian staff. Waste assessment and data collection: assessment of the waste generated, data collection with help of maintenance staff. Implementation of recycling: recyclable collection and management, delivery to the recyclable contractor. Education and awareness of children: classroom learning and involvement in recycling activities. Monitoring and evaluation of the program: Feedback through surveys and discussions, liaison with local environment office and experts for advice. Part B Part B 1, 2 and 3: Main targets of the Go Green program Setting essential targets and related objectives will lie at the foundation of the Go Green program. These targets will then facilitate systematic planning, design, implementation and assessment of the program making it a success. Formation of a Go Green committee The first target of the Go Green program will be identification and organization of a committee (hereon referred to as the green committee). This green committee shall be largely responsible for planning, design, implementation, maintenance and assessment of the program(Neeper Dymond, 2012). It will also act as a connecting thread for all learning and activities (CedarRapidsCommunitySchoolDistrict, 2011). The key elements in the formation of green committee are: Membership: The green committee can consist of representatives of administrators, teachers, facilities and maintenance staff and/or parents who are willing to volunteer. The green committee must comprise of at least one person either an administrator or a warden who is familiar with overall functioning of the preschool. (ii) Definition of role and purpose: The green committee shall be planning a roadmap, undertaking research and coordinating learning and activities. They will form collaborations between specific departments within the preschool for implementation of the program. (iii) Form liaisons: At least one green committee member, preferably an administrator will act a liaison with recycling staff from the local neighborhood or a government organization. He or She shall connect with a recycling expert for advice and assistance for planning, design and compliance with ordinances. (iv) Regular discussions and meetings: The green committee shall hold brainstorming sessions, discussions and debates to obtain ideas and suggestions for design and implementation. The committee shall also hold private meetings at least quarterly or every month to evaluate the progress of the program. Implementation and supervision of the Go Green program Implementation shall start with waste assessment within the preschool premises to be followed by waste reduction and prevention. Efficient recycling shall require collaboration between teachers and maintenance staff for collection and sorting of recyclables and transporting these recyclables to an authorized recycle collection centre. The key elements of implementation are: (i) Waste assessment: The green committee shall first identify the various types and amount of waste generated at the preschool premised covering all areas like cafeteria, classrooms, teacher room and offices. The accurate calculation and estimation of the waste can be taken from the facilities and maintenance staff. The green committee will then identify and evaluate the methods currently being used for handling and disposing the waste. Further, alternative and environmentally agreeable approaches for disposal as well as recycling shall be formulated (Laustsen, 2007)(Underwood, 2007). (ii) Waste prevention, reduce and reuse: Waste assessment will help to identify materials which can be prevented from being disposed and could be reused including paper, wood, electronics, metal, glass etc. (Laustsen, 2007)(Underwood, 2007). This will enable the staff to be more organized and mindful to waste prevention. (iv) Recycling: The next step is to identify materials in the waste which can be classified as recyclables (n.d., 1990). The various categories of recyclables can be paper, plastic, glass, metal, wood and food/composite waste. After classification, collection points in classrooms, office, cafeteria and other activity rooms are to be identified (n.d., 1994). The recyclables will be collected in a separate marked container that is mostly placed aside the trash bin. Education and awareness in preschool children. The green program shall impart knowledge and understanding about the importance of recycling to the highly responsive and curious young children. Thus, different activities having recycling themes can be carried out(Ward, 2010) (Davis Elliot, 2014) (Erturk Kara, et al., 2015). This information shall encourage young minds to raise questions and perform discussions with their teachers and parents. The children will be encouraged and motivated to perform practical activities for recycling which includes collection and sorting of litter (Gibbons, 1996) (Edwards, et al., 2012). The key elements of education and awareness are: (i) Lessons and activities: Children must be encouraged to participate in lessons/co-curricular activities which focus on the importance and need for recycling and should involve use of rhymes, books, games, art and craft, discussions etc. (ii) Holding earth or environment day, nature walks to increase enthusiasm of the children towards the green program. Encouraging children to collect litter in containers during nature walks. (iii) Collection and sorting of recyclable materials can promote active participation of the children alongside fun. Part B 4. Resources The Environmental Protection Authority website (EPA, 2016) contains guidelines for environment protection and waste reduction. The ResourceSmartSchools website (Resource Smart Schools , 2013), Schools Recycle Right (SRS, 2011) and Virginia Recycling Association (VRA, 2016) contains relevant information to assist schools in planning, designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating green programs. Part C Target 1: Formation of Go Green committee Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Action 4 Objective Developing a support framework Developing collaboration between preschool administrators, local community and government recycling experts Gathering, analyzing relevant information and statistics Delivering progress reports Potential opportunity successful initiation design preliminary and long-term goals blueprint and final execution updating status to local government office Estimated $ saving $5000 p.a. as only school personnel to be part of the committee Capital cost None None None $500 for communications Payback period 0 0 0 0 Target objectives to be achieved during first implementation Target dates 2 weeks to implement 3 weeks to implement Budget None None None $500 for transportation, incidentals etc People responsible Administrators, teachers, volunteers Target 2: Program implementation Waste assessment Action 1 Objective Identify size, quantity and types of wastes generated Potential opportunity Assessment will aid correct implementation Estimated $ saving 50% reduction = $1000 p.a. Capital cost None Payback period 6 months Target 50% reduction in 6 months Target dates 1 month to implement Budget None People responsible All staff Waste prevention: reduce Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Objective Copy, print documents in duplex setting, viewing information electronically administrative communications to be done electronically Donation of discarded furniture, electronics etc to a local charity Potential opportunity Reduce paper usage Reduce paper usage Reduce wood and electronics waste Estimated $ saving 40% reduction = $500 p.a. 50% reduction = $500 p.a. N/A Capital cost None None None Payback period 3 months 3 months N/A Target 80% compliance after 3 months 80% compliance after 3 months N/A Target dates 1 month to implement Budget None None None People responsible Administrators and teachers Waste prevention: reuse Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Objective Place boxes in office, classroom for storing scrap paper Store unused stationery Usage of reusable and washable utensils and washcloth in cafeteria. Potential opportunity Reuse paper Reuse stationery Reuse cafeteria supplies Estimated $ saving 50% reduction = $500 p.a. 50% reduction = $500 p.a. 100% reduction = $1000 p.a. Capital cost None None $2000 for equipment and materials Payback period 6 months 6 months 2 months Target 80% compliance after 3 months 80% compliance after 3 months 100% compliance after 2 months Target dates 1 month to implement Budget None None $2000 for reusable cafeteria supplies, dishwasher People responsible Administrators and teachers Cafeteria staff Action 4 Action 5 Objective cartons, magazines, booklets, newspapers utilized for classroom art/craft activities Household recyclables like cardboard boxes, cartons to be reused in the classroom for storage. Potential opportunity Reuse Reuse Estimated $ saving 80% reduction = $300 p.a. 80% reduction = $300 p.a. Capital cost None None Payback period 3 months 3 months Target 95% compliance after 3 months 95% compliance after 3 months Target dates 1 month to implement Budget None None People responsible Teachers Teachers and parent volunteers Recycling Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Objective Identify collection points, decide collection container number and type Adding recycling bins/containers to classroom, office, cafeteria having clear illustrations Collect and transport recyclable material to contracted recycling service provider Potential opportunity Implementation of recycling Collaborative recycling Transporting recyclables to final destination Estimated $ saving N/A N/A 50% reduction = $1000 p.a. Capital cost $500 for containers None $500 for external recycle services Payback period 3 months 3 months 6 months Target 95% compliance after 3 months 95% compliance after 3 months 100% compliance after 6 months Target dates 1 month to implement Budget $500 for leak proof, durable and portable bins/containers None $500 for transportation and contract services People responsible Teachers and maintenance staff Target 3: Educational and awareness of children Action 1 Action 2 Action 3 Objective Education and awareness activities Nature walks and excursions Collection and sorting of recyclables Potential opportunity/risk Children will gain a sense of ownership while having fun Children will be taught to identify safe litter for removal, avoiding unsafe, sharp or unknown objects. They must be given gloves Children will learn sorting of recyclables. Recycle bins Sorting activity must be done near a sink to encourage children to wash away visible unwanted items. Food waste recyclables must be monitored to reduce contamination. Estimated $ saving N/A N/A 50% reduction = $1000 p.a. Capital cost None $100 for consumables Payback period 1 year 1 year 1 year Target 95% awareness after 1 year Target dates 1 month to implement Budget $500 for teacher training $100 for disposable gloves and hand wash People responsible Teachers and children Part D Since the Go Green program has been proposed by me, it is evident that I shall be constantly available to provide support and assistance, most crucially during implementation and also the critical first year of execution. This support from my end shall include three aspects: providing information wherever necessary, acquiring volunteers when required and finally promotion of the program. The information shall be provided through email, telephone and personal meeting as and when needed by the green committee. This information will be delivered by thorough research using internet resources. Next, the volunteers shall be appointed from within the local community through telephone and door to door visits when needed. Finally, program promotion shall be carried out through posters, banners and pamphlets and word of mouth publicity. Through support and assistance from my end I shall ensure that the green committee and all preschool staff is well equipped to plan, design, implement and main tain the green program in a smooth and successful manner. 2. (a) The main aspects of the program which need to be evaluated are its overall efficiency, efficacy of recycling and the reduction in various costs (Carleton-Hug Hug, 2010) Also, an important criterion for green program evaluation is the presence of contamination in the recycling stream. This can lead to disintegration of program flow and thus needs to be instantly addressed. The information on possible contaminations can be accurately provided by recycle service provider after collections are transported out of the preschool premises. (b) The monitoring and evaluations shall be carried out largely by the green committee who are familiar with the various aspects of the green program. It is suggested that some monitoring could alternatively be done by members outside the green committee so as to eliminate bias or preconceived notions that may have settles into the committees functioning. Further, monitoring can also be supervised by recycling experts from either the local community or government energy office in liaison with the green committee. (c) To carry out monitoring and evaluation efficiently, regular feedbacks are required which should include staff response, level of enthusiasm and their contentment with the roles assigned. Further, information on recycling efficacy and efficiency will include aspects like zero contamination and overall reduction of costs. (d) The crucial information for carrying out monitoring and evaluation shall be obtained through the following methods: (i) Outreach to the teachers and custodians who are responsible for collecting the recyclable materials and supervising the transport of recyclables to the contracted recycle service provider. ii) Outreach to the contracted recycle service provider in order to evaluate known benchmarks and standards and whether they have been partially or completely achieved. (iii) Since children at the preschool are under supervision of teachers when learning and carrying out the practical tasks of collecting and sorting recyclable material, their attitudes, behaviors and responsiveness changes can provide crucial information (Ljung-Djrf, et al., 2015) (e) The teachers and preschool facilities and maintenance staff shall be largely responsible for collecting data to enable evaluation since custodians will mainly assist and facilitate waste assessment, collection of recyclable materials and supervision of transport of recyclables to the contracted recycle service provider. (f) Evaluations of the data shall be done by members of the green committee in liaison with recycling experts from either the local community or government energy office. (g) The results of monitoring shall be reported by the green committee to the recycling experts from either the local community or government energy office at least monthly during its first year of implementation and quarterly after that. A yearly comprehensive report must be submitted to the experts at the energy office. To ensure the sustainability of Go Green program, the green committee needs to develop a methodology for consistent monitoring of all outcomes of the program for at least duration of one year post implementation (Carleton-Hug Hug, 2010). Based upon the evaluation results, appropriate design alterations must then be suggested by the teachers for further scope of improvement as and when needed. Also, monitoring must be reinstated every first few months of the preschool terms in all succeeding years. The important factor of contamination in recyclables must be monitored and if this is a reoccurrence then necessary trainings need to be conducted to re-educate the preschool staff. Feedback data from staff can highlight if any members are looking for larger roles and responsibilities which they could be given in the future. This will assist in periodically evaluating the program to address the general response and thereby suggesting suitable design modifications (Ozturk, 2016). Therefore, for technical success of the Go Green program, two step monitoring and evaluation is suggested in which the green committee shall first include community volunteers to carry out different assessments which are then to be submitted to recycling experts at a local government establishment for comments. This can provide a stamp of approval and benchmarking by field experts. For making the green program sustainable in the preschool for years to come, the responsibilities have to be periodically rotated among the key administrators and teachers. Further, a robust monitoring plan will need to be identified which will include multiple approaches for identifying roles and responsibilities, re-education and training of teachers and custodians every year, routine newsletters and resources for each new green committee to smoothly take over the responsibility of the program and ensuring its success.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay Example For Students

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment Essay : Between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) conducted anexperiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-* Copyright DueNow.com Inc. *Category:HistoryPaper Title:Tuskegee Syphilis ExperimentText:Between 1932 and 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) conducted anexperiment on 399 black men in the late stages of syphilis. These men, forthe most partilliterate sharecroppers from one of the poorest counties in Alabama, werenever told whatdisease they were suffering from or of its seriousness. Informed that theywere beingtreated for bad blood, their doctors had no intention of curing them ofsyphilis at all. We will write a custom essay on Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The data for the experiment was to be collected from autopsies of the men,and they werethus deliberately left to degenerate under the ravages of tertiary syphiliswhichcaninclude tumors, heart disease, paralysis, blindness, insanity, and death. Oneof the doctorsinvolved said: we have no further interest in these patients until theydie. The sharecroppers easy to manipulate because they were poor and liked theidea offree medical care, said James Jones. He also said they were pawns in thelongest non-therapeutic experiment on human beings in medical history. The study was to compare blacks and whites reaction to syphilis, thinkingthat whitesexperienced more neurological complications from syphilis whereas blackswould havemore cardiovascular damage. How this knowledge would have changed clinicaltreatmentof syphilis is uncertain. It took almost forty years before someone involvedin the studytook a hard and honest look at the end results, concluding that nothinglearned willprevent, find, or cure a single case of infectious syphilis or bring uscloser to our basicmission of controlling venereal disease in the United States. When themedia caught ahold of the experiment in 1972, news anchor Harry Reasoner described it as anexperiment that used human beings as laboratory animals in a long andinefficient studyof how long it takes syphilis to kill someone. By the end of the experiment, 28 of the men had died directly of syphilis,100 weredead of complications of the disease, 40 of their wives had been infected,and 19 of theirchildren had congenital syphilis. To get the community to support theexperiment, one ofthe original doctors admitted it was necessary to carry on this studyunder the guise of ademonstration and provide treatment. At first, the men were prescribed syphilisremedies of the day, bismuth, neoarsphenamine, and mercury, but in suchsmall amountsthat only 3 percent showed any improvement. These token doses of medicinewere goodpublic relations and did not interfere with the true aims of the study. Eventually, allsyphilis treatment was replaced with pink medicine aspirin. To ensurethat the menwould show up for a painful and potentially dangerous spinal tap, the PHSdoctorsmisled them with a letter full of promotional hype: Last Chance forSpecial FreeTreatment. The fact that autopsies would eventually be required was alsoconcealed. Adoctor explained, If the colored population becomes aware that acceptingfree hospitalcare means a post-mortem, every darky will leave Macon County . . . Eventhe SurgeonGeneral of the United States participated in enticing the men to remain inthe experiment,sending them certificates of appreciation after 25 years in the study. Believe it or not, not only white people took part in the experiment, blackpeoplewere also involved. The experiments name comes from the Tuskegee Institute,the blackuniversity founded by Booker T. Washington. Its affiliated hospital lent thePHS itsmedical facilities for the study, and other predominantly black institutionsas well as localblack doctors also participated. Eunice Rivers, a black nurse, played a hugepart in theexperiment for 40 years. A lot of them did it for the promise of greatrecognition. ATuskegee doctor, for example, praised the educational advantages offeredour internsand nurses as well as the added standing it will give the hospital. NurseRivers said herrole as one of passive obedience: we were taught that we neverdiagnosed, we neverprescribed; we followed the doctors instructions! It is clear that themen in theexperiment trusted her and that she sincerely cared about their well-being,but notenough. Even after the experiment was exposed to public scrutiny, shepret ty much feltnothing ethical was wrong. .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 , .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .postImageUrl , .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 , .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:hover , .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:visited , .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:active { border:0!important; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:active , .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837 .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc10ee9b4b969aa09f40ac471f9072837:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why Lady Macbeth Is More Guilty EssayOne of the scariest aspects of the experiment was how strongly the PHS keptthesemen from receiving treatment. When several nationwide campaigns to erasevenerealdisease came to Macon County, the men were prevented from participating. Evenwhenpenicillin was discovered in the 1940sthe first real cure for syphilistheTuskegeemen were deliberately denied the medication. During World War II, 250 of themenregistered for the draft and were consequently ordered to get treatment forsyphilis, onlyto have the PHS exempt them. Pleased at their success, the PHS representativestated: Sofar, we are keeping the known positive patients from getting treatm ent. The experimentcontinued in spite of the Henderson Act (1943), a public health law requiringtesting andtreatment for venereal disease, and in spite of the World HealthOrganizationsDeclaration of Helsinki (1964), which specified that informed consentwas needed forexperiment involving human beings. The story finally got into the Washington Star on July 25, 1972, in anarticle byJean Heller of the Associated Press. Her source was Peter Buxtun, a formerPHS venerealdisease interviewer and one of the few whistle blowers over the years. The PHS,however, remained unmoved, claiming the men had been volunteers and werealwayshappy to see the doctors, and an Alabama state health officer who had beeninvolvedclaimed somebody is trying to make a mountain out of a molehill. Finally because of the publicity, the government ended their experiment, andforthe first time provided the men with effective medical treatment forsyphilis. Fred Gray, alawyer who had previously defended Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, filed aclassaction suit that provided a $10 million out-of-court settlement for the menand theirfamilies. The PHS did not accept the medias comparison of Tuskegee with the appallingexperiments performed by Nazi doctors on their Jewish victims during WorldWar II. Yetin addition to the medical and racist parallels, the PHS offered the same morallybankrupt defense offered at the Nuremberg trials: they claimed they werejust carryingout orders, mere cogs in the wheel of the PHS bureaucracy, exempt frompersonalresponsibility. The studys other justificationfor the greater good of scienceisequally stupid. Now my in opinion, Clinton said it best when he said: The United Statesgovernment didsomething that was wrongdeeply, profoundly, morally wrong. It was anoutrage to ourcommitment to integrity and equality for all our citizens. . . . clearlyracist. May 16,1997. -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

What black belt means to me Essays - Martial Arts, Sports

"What black belt means to me" When I first started taekwondo about 2 years ago I didn't want to do it, but my mom made me and now I am happy I didn't stop and I am now applying for my black belt. First I will talk about how a black belt should represent their school and art, then I will talk about some attributes a black belt should have, then I'll explain how I will better myself if I become a black belt. What black belt means to me is someone that has taken the time out of their life to put forth the effort to better themselves by working out at the school. A black belt is someone who is strong and courageous and tries as hard as they can, they keep going to make themselves better, for example when a black belt is sparring they may get tired but they keep going and show perseverance. A black belt helps the junior belts when they have a question about their form or one steps and they can answer their question without help from an instructor. Some attributes a black belt should have is being respectful of everyone not just senior belts, they should be respectful of their peers and everyone they meet. A black belt should understand the art that their instructor taught them and respect it. A black belt should represent their school and art in a positive way, some ways that a black belt could show this is by disciplining themselves, patience, honesty, and not hurting others by fighting or bullying. A couple ways i will represent my school and art is when I get my black belt I better myself by working out not just at my school but at the gym and at home either by practicing all of my poomsae and one-steps or just working out like doing squats, running, push up and sit ups. I will only defend myself if necessary. Everything I do will be to the best of my abilities and I will try hard at everything I do because with this new belt I have more responsibilities.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Self-Contained Classrooms

Self-Contained Classrooms Self-contained classrooms are classrooms specifically designated for children with disabilities. Self-contained programs are usually indicated for children with more serious disabilities who may not be able to participate in general education programs at all. These disabilities include autism, emotional disturbances, severe intellectual disabilities, multiple handicaps and children with serious or fragile medical conditions.  Students assigned to these programs have often been assigned to less restrictive (see LRE) environments and have failed to succeed, or they started in targeted programs designed to help them succeed. Requirements LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) is the legal concept found in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act that requires schools to place children with disabilities most like the settings where their general education peers will be taught. School districts are required to offer a full continuum of placements from the most restrictive (self-contained) to the least restrictive (full inclusion.) Placements should be made in the best interest of the children rather than the convenience of the school. Students placed in self-contained classrooms should be spending some time in the general education environment, if only for lunch.  The goal of an effective self-contained program is to increase the amount of time that the student spends in the general education environment.  Often students in self-contained programs go to specials art, music, physical education or humanities, and participate with the support of classroom para-professionals.  Students in programs for children with emotional disturbances usually spend part of their day on an expanding basis in the appropriate grade level class.  Their academics may be supervised by the general education teacher while they receive support from their special education teacher in managing difficult or challenging behaviors.  Often, in the course of a successful year, the student may move from self-contained to a less restrictive setting, such as resource or even consult. The only placement more restrictive than a self-contained classroom is a residential placement, where students are in a facility that is as much treatment as it is education. Some districts have special schools made up of only self-contained classrooms, which might be considered halfway between self-contained and residential since the schools are not close to students homes. Other Names Self-contained settings, Self-contained programs Example: Due to Emilys anxiety and self-injurious behavior, her IEP team decided that a self-contained classroom for students with Emotional Disturbances would be the best place to keep her safe.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Competitive Balance Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Competitive Balance Policy - Essay Example The essay "Competitive Balance Policy" presents a critical evaluation of the approaches and policies to achieve competitive balance in North American sports and European sports. One of the most used principles of football is "the good of the game and the interest of the fans, is enhanced when all clubs have a reasonable opportunity to compete for championships at least periodically†¦ the game is not enhanced when controlled by a few wealthy clubs". The above statement suggests that there has to be a fair ground for all clubs to compete in football, with the experience of football to the fans enhanced when there lack a few clubs that dominate the game over others. In case the chasm between the rich and the poor clubs becomes greater, there would be a negative effect on sporting competition, which would affect the quality balance making football a preserve of a few clubs. To prevent such unfair balance, clubs in European football, as well as North African, have undertaken to imple ment a number of policies. European football leagues employ collective selling of broadcasting rights to media houses to ensure quality balance among all the clubs. Today, the value of broadcasting rights has increased tremendously in European football league. For instance, in the 2011-2012 league sessions, the European premier league received more than 1.1 billion pounds as revenues from the sale of rights to media houses to broadcast matches from the European clubs, one of the most successful collective bargain systems

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Personal statment for ucas Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Statment for ucas - Personal Statement Example Of most importance is that I received awards with two prestigious prizes in Europe entitled ‘The Small Montmarte in Bitola in Macedonia and TheEvora’ which appeared in the local dailies at the time. It is about this time when I joined the Roedean School in the United Kingdom where I sat for my GSE and passed well. Then, I joined the Lancaster University where I accomplished my first year in Fine Arts. I became convinced that I had a passion for Architecture hence put extra efforts to become an architect. I became fascinated in applied art as opposed to previously drawing and/ or creating. Nevertheless, I was certain that there existed a strong connection between doing arts and architecture. Moreover, aesthetic perspective suggests that the hand is the most direct linkage between my mind and the paper. Another reason that inspired me further in Architecture was during my Course at the Lancaster University, there was investigation of modernism history that has a huge impact on the course. Scholars affiliated to this field have continually described architecture to suit the normal life. Forinstance, an English critic of Aestheticism, Walter Pater declared that â€Å"all art continually aspires to the condition of music†. Another English artist, William Morris argued that â€Å"architecture was the primary form to which other arts could be related, and it could be a meeting place for artists and craftsmen†. In a general sense, the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, physiological needs is the physical requirements for human survival. As such, architecture is a shelter, a protection, a necessity but also exists as a form of art, and the discovery of cave by the Caveman and the building of the Orthodox by the Ancient Greek. Pertaining to achievements,I participated in a Guinness World Records art project known as â€Å"Brushstrokes over

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Introduction to Project Managment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Project Managment - Assignment Example In this scenario our project main responsibility involves installation of artificial ice rinks. For this reason we will manage and plan the overall project for the enhanced performance. The main aim and objective of this project is to present a better handling, management and support for the establishment of the winter themed event at the new holiday park. For this project we are aimed to offer better facilities of project management and handling for the better performance of the overall project. In this scenario we are indentured to complete the project with the given cost and time based constraints. This will offer us a better opportunity for the overall successful completion of project. Here we will also encourage the project HR for the showing their best performance for a great deal of enhanced and successful project completion. In this project we are having a number of main project stockholders. In this scenario main project stockholders are having main intention for the project successful completion with the minimum disturbance to local residential areas. Here below I have outlined some of main project stockholders: There are lots of risks involved in every project. Here successful project management is about the effective management and handling of main project activities and tasks on time. This project for the Ice Rinks is also having some of main project risks and issues those are outlined below: Budgetary Risks: There is a number of project cost and budgetary risks at any project in case of our project for installation artificial ice rinks is also involving some of main project cost based risks. This project is going to held for 2 days. In this short time period we can take risks regarding effective resource availability. For this reason we need to invest in great deal of much better way. This can lead to overall high cost of effective project management that can cause overall project

Friday, November 15, 2019

Effect of Market on Pay Rates and Structures

Effect of Market on Pay Rates and Structures Executive Summary This assignment is based on two parts. Part A is focused on what is happening in the market of pay rates and structures. How management decide to pay to their employees and factors affecting the pay systems? Part A is mainly discussed on the factors that affecting to the pay rates in organisations. The role of management to deciding the pay structure and the system, they should follow to decide the pay rates. It consists of many illustration and examples in the way of case studies. It includes an overview of the scope in reward management, a description of the factors of pay rates coming in this context. The careful review and analysis are performed on deciding the pay rates, the conclusions are judged with suitable references and examples. In part B of this assignment, the topic of dismissal is discussed. The types of dismissals procedure and the methods of managing the dismissals in organisations. In this assignment, we discuss the need of the dismissals and how to manage it properly. The is supported with literature reviews and case studies. What is the affect of the dismissals on the employers as well as employees and how society is affected by this? This part will discuss on fair dismissals and the legal aspects of the dismissal process. Part A Do you think â€Å"management freedom of action in deciding relative pay rates is constrained by the product market, the labour market, collective bargaining, technology and the internal labour market † Discuss and debate. What factors should management consider in your opinion? Substantiate with many examples. Introduction The skills of managers had explained that there are several ways of connecting different types of efforts and rewards relying on what is being occurred and by which method. There are many varieties of pay distribution structure. Payment by outcome plans of different types, system then connect time-related encouragement to achievement criteria group and individual schemes, bonus plans relates to plan outcome. Sometimes payment systems are determined to work in some conditions but not in all. Sometimes, managements experience with the payment system is not planned in a proper method to show which payments are suitable for which situations, its objectives? The management indicate to some of the characteristics in choosing proper payment systems such as- product market, labour market, trade unions, technology and the expectations and manners of workplace. There are further factors which also need to be considered by the management while deciding or modifying the pay system. Each factor is present in every situation, but differs in their application depending on the time and situation. The management should organise systematically the payment systems and would require a method of calculating the differences applied in these factors. The managements experience need a process of designating payment schemes in such a manner that it should match with the conditions. Although, there is no specific criteria or any particular system designed, which can provide management to classify payment systems, especially to help at the time of choosing payment system. Also there is no particular format or method which is available to suit unusual or unpredicted situations. It has been said that when basic necessities are satisfied, like food, shelter, clothing, then other higher needs comes further. Therefore employees expect from the management to redefine their jobs, so that their jobs can be enlarged and they get work promotions, which could enlarge their range of skills. There is need for training to enlarge the skills of employees, which they expect more from the managements side to be classified as continuous process. Management have to deal with all these problems. Firstly, they have to classify the schemes and motivate th e workers. Secondly, they have to add the procedure that provides them opportunity of the design of organisation. Thirdly, to add the aims of the managers which they would need to set themselves. Consequently, there are many other factors while discussing the pay rates by the management. Pay Structure The time, management selects the pay rate for their workers, they have to choose how they will reward them. The systems transparency is the basic key to make certain that everyone knows the system of their payment calculation and on what basis they are receiving their bonouses or enhancements. What is Pay Structures? According to Armstrong and Brown, Definition: â€Å"Pay structure gives a structure for managing base pay and other aspects of reward† Some main types of pay structures are Traditional graded structures Broadbanded structures Graded pay structures Job families Mixed model ( broadbanded and job family) Pay spines Individual job structures In many organisations, there is lack of formal pay structures and they use ‘spot rates for different jobs or people. There is no scope of progress in pays, just what they think at that time the pay should satisfy minimum needs for the workers that will be the pay of that worker. For example, Thistle Hotels acquired a market-driven spot rate approach. According to the authors, in the UK ,there are great numbers of organisations with less than 100 employees have no formal pay structure, just what they think at the time of the appointment of the employees, they are worth, that will be the pay structure of them. But in other big organisations, they use the formal structure of pay which Appoint pay scales grouped into grades. Progress the actions for pay progression. Specify the criteria on which individuals or jobs can shift between grades, bands or levels. Factors Affecting Pay Rates Managers freedom of action make manager more flexibility in determining an employees pay rate within a specified salary range. With this flexibility comes accountability, however, requiring managers to apply sound judgment using a set of established pay factors to justify an employees rate of pay. Salaries are â€Å"managed† normally around market rates depending on departmental needs, the work units needs, and budget availability or constraints. Applicant and employee situations may make one or more of these factors more important in determining the pay rate. Managers may also consult with Human Resource staff experienced in applying pay factors as a resource when making pay decisions. There are primary pay factors to consider when making a pay decision in career. Those pay factors are described below.Pay decisions should be made fairly taking into consideration all of the following. There are several things and issues which management to kept in mind because these issues are important and core issues could make a impact on management in terms of relative these core issues are under. On first stage we need to discuss these issue then after that recommendations could be make easily 1) Labour market: In labour market, labour organization is usually showed as a complication for adjustment. But responses of unions are aggressive opposition to acceptance or even explicit cooperation. There are three main characteristic responsible for this kind of events. These are mention in the below diagram. A) Strength of labour movement: In industry, the labours an aggressive attitude on wages tends to be associated with relatively strong unions. As expected, the small or week unions are less aggressive. The large or powerful unions are more responsible because they are greatly participation in discussion and decision making at the national level. On the other hand in the developing countries this kind of formality is totally different. Only a few unions have strong labour movement and among this the aggressive attitude is common. B) Economic Cycle: In the developing as well as industrial nations, the depression is reduces aggressive attitude of labour regularly. C) Political institutions: The nature of the political command is only associated with how governments handle labour relations. More important things are that behaviour of labour unions towards the nature of political party and how these unions are connected with these parties. The workers cooperation is related to those things which encourage the business to invest. The current sacrifices will ultimately relate to future gains or profits. (Booth, A. (1995), The Economics of the Trade Union, Cambridge, CUP.) Case Study: Labour Market Outcomes and Trade Reforms: The Case of India* The Policy Reforms of 1991 In 1991, modifying labour laws to enhance flexibility in labour markets was envisaged as  part of the economic reform program that commence. However, the lack of harmony and political instability has postponed industrial relations reforms. A handful of changes have been initiated in recent years. For instance, as part of the restructure of unprofitable public-sector enterprises, a voluntary retirement system was institute by the government to reduce their workforce. In 2002, the government decided to modify the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947 allow companies to lay off employees without seeking its permission, if they employ less than 1,000 workers. This change is likely to impact 95 percent of Indian enterprises, provide employers with greater freedom in their labour decisions and improve labour market flexibility. Labour Markets: Regulations and Rigidities The informal sectors of the economy, which account for the bulk of employment, have remained outside the scope of labour laws and labour-market Institutions. Furthermore, the informal nature of employment contracts, the illiteracy of the workers, and the surplus labour in the rural economy have condemned attempts to unionize these workers. In India, Most labour laws are applicable to the organized sector. The organized sector offers what can be called â€Å"good† jobs and failure of the sector to draw out labour from unorganized sectors leads to a general decline in employment conditions. Labour Market Rigidity Indias labour market is ranked 45th labour market flexibility in the GCR 1998. Rigidities include rigidities in the deployment of human resources, in work practices, and in wages. While India is a labour surplus economy, wages are often set at above market clearing levels, particularly in the organized sector. The downward demands on wages are mitigate by labour market imperfection such as the existence of monopolistic trade unions and minimum wages guaranteed by law. These conditions apply especially to the public sector. The government fixes minimum wages for workers in the unorganized sector. However, constitutional minimum wages have been largely ineffective in influencing wages in unorganized sectors due to weak enforcement, irregular revisions, and lack of proper indexation to cost of living. In an economy where state-sponsored social security is nearly absent and where â€Å"good jobs† are unusual, employment security in the organized sector is of apparent value. The issue is not simply one of removing rigidities; it is also one of concurrently ensuring the economic and social security of the workers. While labour market flexibility will make possible readjustment and restructuring, it must be accompany by some kind of insurance and social security to the huge unorganized labour force in the country. Employment provided under the â€Å"Jawaharlal Rodger Yolanda† — a form of unemployment benefit where the government provides employment through labour-intensive infrastructure projects. (Pushan Dutt, Department of Economics, University of Alberta, 2005.) 2) Product Market: A full understanding of how product market regulation affect labour market out comes requires a systematic measurement of the channels through which these regulations affect equilibrium outcomes in various economic environments. In this framework, job insecurity generates a perverse effect on workers incentives, which shifts up the real wages schedule and may yield employment losses. Product market regulation and redundancy payments contribute to reducing labour turnover, thus easing the workers incentive constraint. Consequently, and against conventional wisdom, regulations may have a positive impact on employment, and a substitution effect may emerge across deregulation policies. Moreover, in some cases a complementarily arise between regulation in product and labour markets, both interacting to ensure more stable labour regulation.(oxford journals, industrial and corporate change, 2006) Product market reforms can give significant economy advantages. All organisation for economic development (OECD) countries rely essentially on competition in product markets to organize product. The advantages of competitive markets over command and control system is generally recognized. It is regularly difficult to provide experiential evidence of the effect of incremental changes in the intensity of competition for aggregate economic performance. This is partly because product market competition is only one among many factors influencing key aggregate performance indicators, such as productivity and employment. OECD has a rational connection between strong competition in markets for goods and services and better productivity and employment outcomes.( Product Market Regulation and Market Work: A Benchmark Analysis, Lei Fang and Richard Rogerson, NBER Working Paper, February 2007) Case Study: BT- telecommunications company increase marketing response rates by 100 percent. Challenge: BT needed to identify customers propensity to purchase and then calculate their likely competitive value once they become customers, to obtain the greatest value from its marketing budget. After creating accurate customers profiles, BT planned to develop new product targeted to specific customers groups. Solution: BT selected PASW Modeller (one type of software) to analyze data and build exploratory models for its â€Å"business highway† campaign, which was aimed at small business customers. A higher response rates to marketing campaigns, increase product revenues, and an even greater market share for the company. Results: 1) Improved direct mail campaign response rate by 100 percent. 2) Provided sales and marketing with a targeted â€Å"best prospects† list the once peaceful telecommunication industry has turned competitive. To retain its customers, gain new customers, and maximize sales, the company needed facts about exactly who was buying its products and services. To identify these customers, the company established a customer and campaign analysis team, headed by Senior Consultant Stephen OBrien, within its business connections division. The teams first assignment was to model customer profiles for BTs Business Highway product, which provides small business customers with three telephone numbers, one standard and two digital, on a single line. The launch included a major direct mail campaign and national media coverage. (http://www. Financial times.co.uk, 2007) 3) Collective Bargaining: Collective bargaining is specifically an industrial relations instrument or device for employment relationship. In collective bargaining, the union always has a combined interest for the benefit of several employees. Where collective bargaining is not for one employer but for several, cooperative interests become a characteristic for both parties to the bargaining process. Further, in labour relations involve the public interest on pay which can impact on need to be satisfied, such as the subsistence of the freedom of association and a labour law system. The nature of the relationship between the parties in collective bargaining distinguish prices. (Sriyan de Silva, Collective Bargaining Negotiations, 199, INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION) Governments are interfere in collective bargaining because the negotiations are of interest to those away from the parties themselves. In collective bargaining certain essential conditions the negotiations from normal commercial negotiations in which the buyer may be in a stronger position as he could take his business elsewhere. In the employment relationship the employer is a buyer of services and the employee the seller, and the latter may have the more powerful authorize in the form of trade union action. (Blau, F.D. and Kahn, L.M. 1996: International Differences in Male Wage Inequality: Institutions versus Market Forces, Journal of Political Economy, 104, 4, 791-837.) The ILO Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining Convention (No. 98), 1949 describes collective bargaining as: Voluntary negotiation between employers or employers organizations and workers organizations, with a view to the regulation of terms and conditions of employment by collective agreements.( ILO, Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949) According to Marginson and Sisson. There are several essential characteristics of collective bargaining, all of which cannot be reflected in a single definition or description of the process: It is not corresponding to collective agreements because collective bargaining refers to the process, and collective agreements to the possible result of bargaining. It is a method used by trade unions to develop the terms and conditions of employment of their members. It seeks to restore the imbalanced bargaining position between employer and employee. Where collective bargaining impinges on government policy. Where it leads to an agreement, it modifies the individual contract of employment because it does not create the employer-employee relationship. (Marginson, P. and Sisson, K. 1998: European Collective Bargaining: a Virtual Prospect?, Journal of Common Market Studies Vol 36, 4, 505-28.) Case Study: Bargaining Power for Farmers, or The More Things Change†¦ Richard A. Levins is Professor and Extension Agricultural Economist in the Department of Applied Economics at the University of Minnesota. Since the closing of the frontier in the last quarter of the 19th Century, the encounter with an increasingly dominant urban-industrial society has emerged as the major force in American agricultural development.The dramatic impact of this encounter during the last two decades has contributed to a crisis in social organization in both urban and rural areas.This crisis has resulted in intense concern by farmers and farm organizations over agricultures changing role in the national economy. â€Å"Bargaining power for farmers† has turned into one of the leading issues in current agricultural policy discussion. The milk holding action by the National Farmers Organization (NFO) in March 1967 dramatized, both to the general public and the national political leadership, the seriousness of the efforts some farmers were willing to make in order to achieve greater bargaining  power in the marketplace. In response to this new evidence of rural unrest Secretary of Agriculture Freeman took to the country for a series of â€Å"shirtsleeve† conferences with largely hostile farm audiences across the Midwest.Task force studies and meetings with farm producers  and marketing organizations to explore the interest and economic consequences of strengthening the power of farmers to bargain about terms of sale and market prices were conducted by USDA during the fall of 1967. In his January 1968 State of the Union  Address and his February 27 Agricultural Message, President Johnson recommended that Congress give serious attention to legislation â€Å"to help farmers bargain more effectively for fair prices.† The issue of bargaining power for farmers is not new in the history of agricultural policy discussion. Farmers have long used organization as a means of improving their political and economic bargaining power.The National Grange, oldest of U.S. farm organizations (founded 1867), grew rapidly in response to the long period of rural distress in the 1870s.The Farmers Alliance Movement in the 1880s represented a second major attempt by farmers to organize themselves, an effort that led to the formation of the Populist Party in 1891.The Farmers Union, organized in 1902, drew heavily on the old Farmers Alliance-Populist movement for its leadership and support. In contrast to earlier political efforts, however, the Farmers Union placed major emphasis on achieving economic power through cooperative marketing. The most dramatic effort by farmers to achieve direct marketing power occurred during the 1920s. Farmer cooperative associations achieved protection from antitrust action through the Cl ayton Antitrust Act (1914) and the Capper-Volstead Act (1922). Under the leadership of Aaron Sapiro of California, national commodity cooperatives for wheat, cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and many other crops were formed.The objective was to obtain control over a sufficient portion of the entire crop to become a dominant factor in the market. Control of producer deliveries were to be achieved by means of long-term contracts with members. (http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2002-4/2002-4-02.pdf) 4) Technology: Technology also plays an important part in terms of pay rise or relative pay rate because now a days technologies like work process engineering has minimise the labour role also because in the past labourer do so many things with hand but now a days those things could be easily done by the help of technology has some how overtaken the place of labour work .So management also bare in mind that if they are going increase relative pay or they going to invest in technological side they can save a lot of money while investing in technology. So technology also plays important role in terms of pay rise . 5) Internal labour market: Internal labour market also plays an important part on relative pay rates because now a days even though free capital market concept but all of this some countries at present they protect internal labour market .Because now a days internal labour market peoples enjoyed more benefits instead of peoples who came from some where else .Internal labour market also gives management some so management they believes internal labour market is bit more expensive then international labour market. 6) Financial Resources Available: Generally , it is HR staff for how much the salary will be paid to workers but there is also the responsibility of the manager as well to promote their workers. Often, when manager want to promote their staff the financial of the organization will become the challenge for the manager. Therefore manager should be aware of budget resources of all decision will be made. They have to weigh the available budget that company has against with the other factors for the best solutions. Managers should insight of the competencies and how HR used to recruit, hire, evaluate, develop, and pay their staff. The manager probably get help form consulting with HR staff for more information. Before promote any staff for more pay that is the duty of manger to make sure that the company have the budget available for that position for the promising a pay rise, which means if no fund available that is no point for manager to post or advertise for a higher position to their staff. As a managers that is nece ssary to work with all level position in the organization such as subordinates, upper management and most important is cousulting with HR for get the information as much as possible to decide what range of performance will be the most required for employee in each section to move from one level to another. As the employee , they have right to use their new ability or their specific competence they gain for a increase pay. Normally, if the employees who have the higher-level skills which not needed for the work the skills they have will be not considered for higher paid. Employees must be able to use their new competencies within the work unit to qualify for a pay increase. Managers must make sure that they have a plan and are allocating pay raises fairly and equitably rather than haphazardly or under changing â€Å"rules† for different employees. 7) Appropriate Market Rate: As managers, it is crucial to understand of market labor value of particular job for making decisions about the salary. Sometimes market rate not fixed all the time therefore the manager can justify paying higher rate on some case. Managers should be aware of the competencies and skills that already listed as minimum qualifications for the job. Managers should ask HR to establish a higher Market Reference Rate that exceeds the established market rate (if verified by market conditions). HR regularly monitors market rates for certain jobs but can do special reviews at the request of managers in situations like these. Generally, management should not pay too high than the established market rate for new employees for the task that only worth for certain amount. Hence, management have to study and always updated the established market rate for each position and level that will be promoted. The best way for manager to update is to consult closely with the HR offices for market salary info rmation. 8) Internal Pay Alignment: Manager should attempt to equalize the pay amount of the worker at the same level, same task , same job and performing in the same unit as much as possible The manager have to make sure that the person who will be paid more than the others, will be justified by more than one factors not only the years of services. When the manager becomes aware of any possible unjustified pay inequities among peers, these inequities should be investigated and resolved or justified to maintain fair treatment and to avoid legal problems based on possible discrimination or equal employment issues. The HR office is available to assist with reviews of internal pay equity issues. Fair salary offer for new employee should be consider with the existing employees salary and benefit package compare with the market rate. The manager may decide to make some salary adjustments. Or the manager may decide that this is not an important factor compared to other pay factors, and may not need to make any adjustments. M anagers might again consult with HR staff for help in analyzing differences in pay and benefit package comparisons. For more example, a chosen experienced applicant may be coming from another state with a comparable salary but where the cost for family health insurance was significantly less than the company rates. The manager may decide to add a proportionate increase to the salary offer to make up for the applicants increased insurance costs. In another example, a chosen experienced applicant may be coming to us from another state with a much higher salary (above the market rate for this position). The manager decides to offer the company standard market rate salary and considers this a fair offer since the cost of living in the company area is significantly less than in the applicants former state. 9) Required Competencies: That is the managers duty to make sure that the staff or an applicant has the minimum qualifications of the job. Qualifications are the competencies such as the knowledge, skills, abilities and traits which is determine and employees perform. These things are the factors of how applicants are hired and staff appraisals. Hence, it is very crucial that the competencies is expected for each person to categories their level in a particular job. Manager should make sure that any pay rates accurately reflect an employees competency level and the correct associated market rate. Moreover, managers have to make sure that a current staff have the minimum skills which required of the job. In filling a vacant position, the manager should consider on the level before posting and lists minimum and preferred qualifications. Also the pay range for the job at the suitable contributing, journey or advanced level. The duties and responsibilities for the job also counted for recruit employee. An applicant who only has the minimum qualification is not possible to qualify for a higher-level job therefore they can not be paid at higher level. Manager must check that the duties, responsibilities and ability are consistently applied to the correct levels. Basically, the more education and experience a person has got , the higher the level of competencies. Managers should be aware that employees or applicants years of experience do not always equate with levels of competencies, however. This means that two individuals working in the same class may have equal years of experien ce, but be at a different competency levels therefore different pay rate. Case Study: Pay strategy at Eastern Power plc Prior to Eastern Power plc becoming a privatized electricity supply company, pay awards were across-the-board annual pay increases and personal progression through salary grades until the maximum of the grade was reached. Annual pay awards were based on cost of living indexes nationally negotiated between the employers and trade unions on an industry-wide basis. With the formation of independent and competing electricity supply companies, the pay system was identified by senior management at Eastern Power as an important means of demonstrating the companys new, more autonomous, market-driven nature. Furthermore, it provided a tangible mechanism for reinforcing the cultural change required of individuals accustomed to working in a large public utility. Performance-related pay was introduced with no real preparation of the workforce and minimal, if any, training of line managers about either its intended purpose or application. During the first two years of operating PRP , the reported employee and managerial experience was far from positive. Complaints of inequitable treatment grew, many managers were uncomfortable with their increased discretion and pay decisions were frequently viewed as unfair, subjective and over-dependent on personal managerial preferences. Line management reported feeling unclear about what was expected from them in the new organization, which was reflected in the difficulty they had in setting clear and measurable targets for the employees for whom they were responsible. At Eastern Power plc, moving to performance-based pay strengthened the power and influence of line managers in the employment relationship but it also increased their supervisory responsibilities, accountability and emphasized the importance of demonstrating fairness and consistency in their decision-making. In a rapidly changing organizational context, it may well provide an immediate means of ‘signalling a changed organizational climate but clarifying mutual expectations of the wage/effort bargain at the level of the individual remains of paramount importance in the employment relationship. The process of achieving the desired alignment is widely recognized as complex and ‘reward management can be seen as indicative of the contradictions that exist within the discipline labelled human resource management'(Kelly and Monks, 1998:113). In part this is due to the very tangible nature of pay compared with many other human resourcing strategies. The contradictions observed in rewards policies certainly provide plentiful illustrations of a dilemma long identified in strategic human resourcing: how to elicit organizational commitment through the development of employee potential( Walton, 1985) while optimizing the use of human resources just as any other economic factor ( Storey, 1992 ). Source: http://www.unison.org.uk/acrobat/B871.pdf (John Leopold Lynette Harris Tony Watson , The strategic Managing of Human Resources, Prentice Hall ,2005 p 211-220) Case study: Smart company

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Armenian Genocide Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can you imagine yourself living during the time that WWI was going on? I’m pretty sure you’d be terrified to even walk out of your house. Like it wasn’t bad enough that the whole world was at each other’s throat, but to know that your country may be at the hands of another leader. A leader who may have different perspectives on every day life, with the benefit of doubt that it may be extremely foreign to you, is pretty scary. I’m pretty sure that it would make you or anyone else feel extremely unsafe and uncomfortable. But imagine being unaware of the underlying plan to â€Å"cleanse† your ethnic group. The Armenian people faced this situation during the time of WWI. Life between the Turks (Armenia’s rival) and the Armenians was very complex. Not all Armenians hated the Turks, and not all Turks hated the Armenians. Consequently, the Armenian people were not aware of any forms of annihilation that were being plotted at the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What exactly is the definition of a Genocide According to the World Book Dictionary, genocide means: The systematic extermination or destruction of a political, racial, or cultural group1. When the word genocide is brought up, many people usually think of the Holocaust. Although the Holocaust was a massive tragedy, many don’t recall the Armenian Genocide. The Armenian Genocide was just as terrifying as the Holocaust, and we should commemorate this tragedy. The people who are held responsible for this tragedy are a young group of Turks. Their plan was to exterminate all of the Armenian population. The Turks desired a Turkish State that extended to Central Asia, and thus to carry through the unity of the Turkish speaking people. This creation of such a state would create what they call â€Å"Pan-Turkism†2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Armenians had their first taste of aggression by the Turks on April 24, 19153. Three hundred Armenian leaders, writers, thinkers, and professionals in Constantinople were imprisoned in many parts of Turkey without any advanced warning. Shortly after they were imprisoned, they were brutally tortured and beaten by the Turkish authorities. Other methods of brutality included pulling out fingernails, teeth, and beards, branding on the chest with hot horseshoes and raising the feet abo... ...everal facts that backed up my thesis. My sixth grade teacher once told me that a genocide seeks no difference between men and women, between children and adults. That it understands no righteousness and tolerates no principle which invests life with meaning and individuals with rights. The Turks believed it was okay to kill a Armenian and to get away with it. They believed that it was okay to starve them and send them on â€Å"death marches†. They believed it was okay to rape the women, and it was okay to kill the men as well as the children. The Armenians were not humans in their eyes, they were considered animals, or even objects. Mechanically operated robots of some sort, who were expected to walk practically-forever, in the middle of a deserted desert with nothing living within hundreds of miles away. No one to witness the killings. No one to hear their cries for help. No one to come and rescue them. And the Turks are blameworthy. Between 1915-1923, more than one million Armenian lives were taken. It is described as the first genocide in the twentieth century. The people of Armenia suffered prolong despair, devastation, torture, and brutality that will remain in history forever.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Gender differences Essay

It could be said that to some extent the view that processes within schools may lead to gender differences in educational achievement is true. The theory of Interactionist looks at the individual rather than society; therefore it is a bottom up theory. Interactionist argue that the processes within the schools such as the hidden curriculum may lead students in gender differences in educational achievement, as what happens inside the school which is unwritten is what influences the individual in educational achievement, not the formal curriculum or what is written rule such as the subjects which is being studied influences the student to achieve. The sociologist Goffman explains that everyone in society is â€Å"presenting the self in everyday life†. What he means is that everyone is a puppet of society and not in control of what they say or do, but in fact they are attached in strings and act for example in play, such as a female may play the role of a mother at home but play the role of a student at school. Some argue that the structure and settings of schools, generally creates gender differences in educational achievement, for example the socialisation aspect is that the students are socialised into tolerable forms of behaviour ‘pupils are given drill in how to move about the school, sit in desk, raise hands†¦ the puritan of hard work, sober living and good manners is continuously urged upon them. ‘ This socialisation naturally created gender differences as males are seen or expected to behave in classrooms in the manner of ‘masculine’ while females are seen or expected to behave in ‘feminine’ behaviour or otherwise it could be considered odd, and therefore the students who do behave odd are looked at differently or called ‘deviant’. The sociologist Postman and Weingartner, studied that the hidden curriculum consisted of discovering that; knowledge is beyond the power of students and is in case none of their business; secondly recall is the highest form of intellectual achievement and therefore the collection of ‘facts’ is the goal of education; the voice of authority is to be trusted more than independent judgement; feelings are irrelevant in education; passive acceptance is a more desirable response to ideas than active criticism. This study proves that the individual does not play in an important role but rather how to ‘survive’ the school and just pass the exams was important and therefore not keen on which gender is learning or how but on how they should just ‘pass the time’ in school and move on as education is not about the self but on facts and memorising, and not understanding. As a result it could be said that the study of classroom interaction is the idea that the ‘reality’ of the classroom is a negotiated reality. For students and teachers, the hidden curriculum consists of learning how to survive in the classroom.

Friday, November 8, 2019

votingwhy should we essays

votingwhy should we essays Why should Americans exercise their right to vote? Why should we vote? Is it really worth our time? The answer is YES. People say that one vote wont change the outcome, but take a look at Florida! Right now, the election of our president is in the people of Floridas hands. [Your] one vote is very important. Many people take voting for granted. You see? By voting, here in Oklahoma, we are really choosing eight representatives to go to the electoral colleges in December. Those same eight people are also the people from our beloved state that are in the House of Representatives. In December, they [the representatives you chose] will vote for a president. Their votes are called electoral votes. They are based on the popular votes. When you go to the poles to vote for a president, and the ballots are totaled up those are called the popular votes. My personal opinion is that the popular votes should determine the winner. Right now, just because a candidate has more popular votes doesnt necessarily mean that they have more electoral votes. The number of electoral votes each state has is determined by that states population. The larger the population, the more electoral votes. In the election that is taking place right now, Al Gore is winning in electoral votes, but, over half of the states voted for George Bush. How is that possible you ask? Because Gore took most of the larger populated states. Now, say you lived in California. That state has 54 electoral votes. What if only half the population of registered voters actually went to vote? Lets say the majority of them voted for Bush, but he only won by one vote. That states electoral votes would be Bushs, and in conclusion, Bush would be president. So, think about this again, does your vote really ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Critic On Huckleberry Finn Essays - Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn

Critic On Huckleberry Finn Essays - Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Critic On Huckleberry Finn I felt that this novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain is appropriate and necessary to illustrate the attitudes of pre-Civil war Americans. To me, this book just shows the life of two runaway people and their life along the Mississippi River. The first time I read this book, I really did not realize that Mark Twain was discriminating blacks. I think that the NCAAP is too worried about literature. Mark Twain probably wrote this book and used terms such as the N- word to show realism in his book. The way Mark Twain puts the book together combined with his way of speech makes the book sound so real that you could confuse it with a autobiography of a little child named Huck. The book Huckleberry Finn was written about a time between 1835s-50s. This meant that during Huck's time, slavery was still around and most whites during this time do not like blacks. The N- word just literally show us what white people think of blacks at that time. They use this wor! d to verbally express their feelings. However, I am not trying to say that Huck calls Jim a N- because he does not like him. He probably picked it up from other people (adults). Besides this "vulgarity" as An Lew has put it, this book in my eyes is a perfectly good reading book for young people. It is exciting, adventurous, and realistic. Most of the N- words are used by Huck and as you see of their relationship together, you know that Huck does not mean it in a bad way. Since this word was used and passed around for quite some time, Huck must have picked it up from someone and is using it sort of as a slang for African Americans. They are messing with one of the greatest and most famous writers around. I don't think this book is very prejudice at all. . . it is just very expressionable.